Anal Cancer

Anal cancer is a rare but serious condition that affects the tissues of the anal canal. At the Colorectal Division of North Carolina Surgery at UNC REX in Raleigh, anal cancer and other anorectal conditions are treated by our expert team of colorectal specialists. Early detection and treatment are critical to improving outcomes for patients facing this condition.

Types of Anal Cancer

 Anal cancer makes up only about 4 percent of lower gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Several different types of anal cancer exist, but squamous cell carcinoma (cancer of the middle and outer skin cell layers) is the most common. Squamous cell carcinoma usually begins in the anal canal, from the anus and going inward about 2-3 centimeters.

 Other less common types of anal cancer include: 

• Adenocarcinoma: This begins in cells of the lining of the anal canal or the glands just underneath it.
• Carcinoid tumor: This is a rare type of slow-growing anal cancer.
• Melanoma: This cancer begins in the melanocytes (cells that give skin its color).
• Small cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of aggressive anal cancer.

 Anal Cancer Symptoms

 The symptoms of anal cancer can vary, but common signs include rectal bleeding, which is often one of the earliest and most noticeable indicators. Patients may experience pain or pressure in the anal area, as well as a lump or growth near the anus that might feel tender or uncomfortable. Changes in bowel habits, such as persistent itching, discharge, or difficulty passing stool, are also common. 

Causes of Anal Cancer

 The exact cause of anal cancer remains unknown; however, researchers have identified several risk factors, including: 

• Lowered immunity, including being HIV-positive
• Presence of condyloma or high-grade dysplasia
• Sexual activity, especially with multiple partners
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Smoking

Diagnosing Anal Cancer

Diagnosing anal cancer typically involves a physical examination to check for external signs such as lumps, irritation, or discharge, often complemented by anoscopy to view the anal canal and rectum more closely. If abnormalities are detected, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs can assess the extent of the disease. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan tailored to the patient’s specific needs.

Anal Cancer Treatment

Depending on the type of anal cancer, your specialist may recommend chemotherapy or radiation as the first course of treatment. If those techniques do not destroy the cancer cells, you may need surgery. Anal cancer surgery may also be used as the first course of therapy against some of the less common types of this condition.

Either way, you’re in good hands with the best colorectal surgeons in Raleigh. Your North Carolina Surgery team will help you plan the most effective treatment based on many different factors, which we will discuss during your consultation in our clinic.

Speak With an Expert

If you suspect you may have anal cancer or are experiencing concerning symptoms, arrange a consultation with a doctor at the Colorectal Division of North Carolina Surgery at UNC REX. Our Raleigh-based anal cancer specialists provide comprehensive diagnosis and treatment, ensuring personalized care tailored to your needs.